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Posted by Stephen Green  ·  18 July 2005

When Paul Krugman isn't being a partisan hack, he still knows how to ask some good questions:

Those with a downbeat view of the jobs picture argue that the low reported unemployment rate is a statistical illusion, that there are millions of Americans who would be looking for jobs if more jobs were available. Those with an upbeat view argue that labor force participation has fallen for reasons that have nothing to do with job availability - for example, young adults, recognizing the importance of education, may have chosen to stay in school longer.

That's where Dr. Bradbury's study comes in. She shows that the upbeat view doesn't hold up in the face of a careful examination of the numbers. In fact, because older Americans, especially older women, are more likely to work than in the past, labor force participation should have risen, not fallen, over the past four years. As a result, she suggests that there may be "considerable slack in the U.S. labor market": there are at least 1.6 million and possibly as many as 5.1 million people who aren't counted as unemployed but would take jobs if they were available.

There's both good news and bad news in that assessment. The good news is that the economy probably has plenty of room to expand before inflation becomes a problem (which implies that the Fed's decision to start raising interest rates was premature).

I haven't read Dr Bradbury's study, so I don't know if she's factored for the self-employed. More and more folks are working from home, and don't always show up as part of the Department of Labor's employment statistics. Surely, they account for some of the "slack." If Bradbury's lower figure is correct, then I'd guess that some large fraction of her slack figure is employed, just not in a way measured by the DoL. If Bradbury's bigger number is closer to the truth, then it's difficult not to conclude that our economy is not yet robust enough to employ everyone who wants to work.

And that brings us to Krugman's conclusion:

The bad news is that it's hard to see where further expansion will come from. We've already had four years of extremely loose fiscal and monetary policy. Tax cuts have pushed the federal budget deep into the red. Low interest rates have helped generate a housing bubble that has lifted real estate prices to ludicrous heights in major parts of the country.

If all that wasn't enough to give us a full economic recovery, what will?

Let's not nitpick here. Yes, it's true that tax cuts aren't the only thing to blame for all of Washington's red ink, as Krugman insinuates. There's also our spendthrift Republican Congress, and a President who has never once taken a good, hard look at his veto pen. Yet the fact remains that Washington has run up an awful lot of debt. And that all that Federal spending ought to be pushing up aggregate demand enough to stimulate job growth.

The problem, of course, is that it's almost impossible to measure the true size of the labor force. The DoL's methods are antiquated, but Bradbury's work gives us only a snapshot of a fast-moving picture.

So what's really going on? Has the Fed moved too quickly? Should Washington provide even more stimulus, and drive us even deeper into debt? Are the self-employed really taking up enough of the slack?

See - I can ask good questions, too. Problem is, nobody knows the answer. What should impress you, however, is that even Paul Krugman implicitly admitted that he doesn't know, either.

And after spending three-plus years picking on Krugman, it's my duty to let you know when he gets one right.

Comments

I like the way he wrote "tax cuts have pushed the deficit into the deep red" just days after we learned that the deficit is actually going to be considerably lower than expected due to a surge in tax receipts. I'd make a "Laffering all the way to the bank" joke here, but I already used that one in a headline last week, and this morning I got a dead fish in a FedEx envelope with a handwritten note stapled to it that said "You thinka you funny boy." I ate the fish and gave it a bad review on my blog.

Posted by: Jeff Harrell at July 19, 2005 06:02 AM

Krugman's never wrote a non-political article.
What do the statistics say about people who have come into the workforce under the table? What if part of the increase in the workforce comes from immigrants who are not paying taxes or counted in these reports. I believe that's the case in Oregon.
The tax cuts have increased revenues, 90 billion? More money in the economy means more jobs and more tax payers.

Posted by: Darell at July 19, 2005 06:07 AM

Stephen, How do you think Krugman would have "analyzed" these numbers if Gore were president? I'd say they'd be singing and dancing in the streets.

In the midst of an unprecedented war on terrorism and a world media which is keeping up a drum beat of bad news and hand wringing, somehow the economy isn't tanking.

That isn't good news, that's a miracle.

Posted by: erp at July 19, 2005 06:14 AM

"there are at least 1.6 million and possibly as many as 5.1 million people who aren't counted as unemployed but would take jobs if they were available."

If no one's looking for a job, how is it unavailable?

Posted by: RPD at July 19, 2005 08:26 AM

"The bad news is that it's hard to see where further expansion will come from."

1. Social security reform and private accounts. That money will then be pumped into the world econmny

2. Tax reform - simplfing the tax system though either a flat tax of a sales tax would release a lot of pent up activity

3. Greater use of technology in certian key fields - goverment, medicne, eductation, and insurance

There is plenty of loss econmic efficiency that could be gained through major reforms.


Posted by: cube at July 19, 2005 08:32 AM

I have two points. One, my neighborhood in California is full of nannies, yardmen, roofers, housecleaners, etc. I bet you many of them are illegal, and legal or not, most of them work off the books. We all pay cash here for domestic help. Second, I work in the welfare/poverty "industry". I can tell you with certainty that a lot of people, especially black men, are simply unemployable. Many of them have felony convictions, prison time, drug convictions, or other barriers to meaningful employment. Many of them cannot read at a second grade level. This starts by age 16 and gets worse as they get older. This fact help explain the always high rate of unemployment among blacks. Both of these factors, cash wages and chronic unemployability, partly explain why the country is not awash in qualified people looking for work.

Posted by: Scott in CA at July 19, 2005 09:13 AM

I have trouble with the notion of Krugman or anyone else suddenly asserting that a low unemployment rate is a statistical illusion now that it's happened while Bush is in office. Maybe the low rate is an illusion, but in that case wouldn't it likely have been an illusion for all previous unemployment rates? Unless there was a dramatic change in the way the employment rate is calculated, the direction and general magnitude of any change should be roughly the same as it always has been. So a low rate now is the same as a low rate during any previous period (at least in recent memory).

You have to compare apples to apples. You can't suddenly declare your apple is in fact an orange once the fact that it's an apple becomes politically inconvenient for you.

I'm not sure that last paragraph is terribly clear, but hopefully you know what I mean...

Posted by: DRB at July 19, 2005 11:14 AM

Krugman is essentially asserting that the economy is poor (after all the "public isn't feeling prosperous") even though the generally accepted data says that things are pretty good. Naturally since the data doesn't show what he knows is the correct answer - poor economy - he goes looking for other data that might confirm his beliefs.

I completely agree that DoL metrics are antiquated and probably don't do a good job of assessing the economy. But this piece is about finding ways to claim that things are bad, not admiting that nobody knows.

Posted by: KeithK at July 19, 2005 12:57 PM

Hmmm tight job market.

Here's a thought: as we all know, the Army is having trouble meeting its recruting goals. Part of this is because they are actually trying to increase the end strength by 30,000 more people - meaning that recruting is expected to not only replenish the ranks, but to actually add extra bodies.

Now I'm sure that the prospect of actually going to Iraq is a big disincentive to those looking for 20 years as a garrison trooper, but the combat arms are actually doing relatively well compared to the support arms. And the Marines, which are far more subject to both deployments and casulties than the Army are doing far better in terms of recruiting (though there are some problems).

Now here's another data point - the last time the Army had this trouble was, if memory serves, back in 1999 at the height of the tech bubble and the lowest unemplyment rate in half a century. Thus, it is not crazy to postulate that at least some the Army's recruiting woes are the result of a tighter labor market and a good (though certainly not stellar) economy.

Posted by: holdfast at July 19, 2005 02:56 PM

"If all that wasn't enough to give us a full economic recovery, what will?"

Pity he didn't describe this F.E.R. so that when it is delivered, we could know it and cherish it under glass.

Meanwhile, you can get a job, there's plenty of moolah to buy stuff and take vacations, taxes are lower, and the deficit is falling.

Most important--so unmentioned by Krugman--is that the deficit share of GDP is down to 2.7%. By contrast, it was 6.7% in the worst deficit year of the 80s provided by Mr. Reagan's free spending Democratic Coingress. Sorry, Congress.

Posted by: Stephen at July 19, 2005 03:19 PM

I'd have to agree with Stephen. As far as I can see this *is* a full economic recovery.

Don Luskin has some other comments at his blog...best to read there but I think he essentially postulates that things are good enough now that a lot of reluctant workers are doing well enough to leave the workforce. E.g. working mothers are a relatively recent phenomenon and was only partially voluntary on the part of women; many were forced into the workforce to make the family ends meet. Perhaps the economy is now strong enough to allow some return to a single worker family.

Not sure how to verify that theory but I would call that plausible based on recent local experience...I know several women who have been fortunate enough to be able to take that route.

Posted by: jonathan at July 20, 2005 03:15 PM

Krugman is an idiot! Nobody anticipates where the future expansion is coming from. Who in the 1950s anticipated the personal computer/telecom/internet expansion of the 80s and 90s? Who can accurately anticipate the near and mid-term future effects of the biotech and nanotech breakthroughs?
These f****k***g idiots who seem to believe in a static world and a static economy should be in a soupline instead of writing for the big papers for big bucks.

Posted by: Mike Ferris at July 20, 2005 06:23 PM

--If Bradbury's bigger number is closer to the truth, then it's difficult not to conclude that our economy is not yet robust enough to employ everyone who wants to work.--

Wants to work at what?

I personally know of 3 very picky people, I'm 1 of them.

I can get a "job," but what about the job I want at the pay I want?

Big difference.

Actually, I don't want to work but hubby says it's time.

Posted by: Sandy P at July 21, 2005 11:23 PM



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